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Rules / Oware rules

Oware rules

Oware is the Mancala game of the Akan people of Ghana and Ivory Coast. The rules below are the tournament rules, called abapa. The game uses forty-eight seeds. The first player to capture twenty-five seeds wins.

Updated 9 September 2026

Play: OwareStrategy

Sowing

Six pits a side, four seeds in each. Pick up all the seeds in one of your pits and sow them counter-clockwise, one per pit. Seeds are never sown into the stores. If you hold twelve or more seeds, skip the pit you started from when you come round to it; it stays empty.

Capturing

If your last seed brings a pit on the opponent's side to exactly two or three seeds, you capture that pit. Then look at the pit before it. If it is also on the opponent's side and now holds two or three, capture it too. Continue backwards until a pit breaks the chain.

You never capture on your own side, and you never capture a pit that holds one, four or more.

Grand slam

A move that would capture every seed on the opponent's side is called a grand slam. In tournament play the move is legal but the capture is forfeited: the seeds stay on the board. Other traditions make the move illegal, or allow it and give the rest of the board to the opponent. The rule builder offers all of them.

Feeding

If the opponent's row is empty, you must make a move that sows at least one seed onto their side, if you have one. If you cannot, the game ends and you take every seed on your own side.

The end

The game ends when a player has captured 25 seeds, or when both have 24 for a draw. If the game cycles with no captures and both players agree, each takes the seeds on their own side. On this site a game that reaches 400 moves ends the same way.

A different variant, where a grand slam ends the game, was solved in 2002 by Henri Bal and John Romein. With perfect play either side can force a draw. The tournament rules above have not been solved.

Questions

How is Oware different from Kalah?

Kalah has stores, extra turns and captures opposite an empty pit. Oware has no store sowing and no extra turns. You capture pits of two or three on the far side, and you must feed an opponent with an empty row.

How many seeds do you need to win Oware?

Twenty-five of the forty-eight. Twenty-four each is a draw.

What is a grand slam in Oware?

A capture that would take every seed on the opponent's side. In tournament rules the seeds stay on the board.